Personal Area Network

AIM: To plan Personal Area Network.

A private network is one which either does not connect to the internet, or is connected indirectly using NAT (Network Address Translation) so its addresses do not appear on the public network. However, a Personal Area Network allows you to connect to other computers that are on the same physical network. This is desirable when you wish to communicate with a group of other computers or share data and internet connectivity is not necessary.

Modem

Plan your network:-

This is probably the hardest part of setting up a Personal Area Network. Draw any routers you may be using to separate major portions of your network first. Smaller private networks do not require routers, but may still use them for administrative reasons. Routers are only required if you are planning to a) Divide your network into multiple smaller networks, or b) Allow indirect internet access using NAT. Next, add any switches and hubs. For small networks, only one switch or hub may be necessary. Draw boxes to represent the computers and lines connecting the devices together. This drawing will serve as your network diagram. Although diagrams intended
only for your own use may use any symbols you desire, use of industry standard symbols make this task simpler and eliminates confusion for others. Typical industry standard symbols are:

• Routers: Circle with four arrows arranged in a cross. Or just a cross if drawing a quick draft.
• Switches: Square or rectangle, with four staggered arrows, two in each direction.
• Represents the concept of signals being “switched” – relayed only out the port which
• leads to the intended user based on address.
• Hubs: Same as switch, with a single double-headed arrow. Represents the concept of all
• signals being blindly repeated out all ports without concern for which port leads to the
• intended recipient.
• Lines and squares can be used to represent connections leading to computers.

IP Address

Create an address plan:-

• IPv4 (IP ver. 4) addresses are written like this: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (four numbers separated by three dots), in all RFC-1166 compliant countries. Each number ranges from 0 to 255. This is known as “Dotted Decimal Notation” or “Dot Notation” for short. The address is divided into two portions: the network portion and the host portion.
• For “Classful” networks, the network and host portions are as follows: (“n” represents the network portion, “x” represents the host portion)
• When the first number is 0 to 126 – nnn.xxx.xxx.xxx (ex.10.xxx.xxx.xxx). These are known as “Class A” networks.
• When the first number is 128 to 191 – nnn.nnn.xxx.xxx(ex. 172.16.xxx.xxx). These are known as “Class B” networks.
• When the first number is 192 to 223 – nnn.nnn.nnn.xxx(ex. 192.168.1.xxx). These are known as “Class C” networks.
• When the first number is 224 to 239 – The address is used for multi-casting.
• When the first number is 240 to 255 – The address is “experimental”.
• Multicast & Experimental addresses are beyond the scope of this article. However, do note that because IPv4 does not treat them the same way as other addresses they should not be used.
• For simplicity “non-classful networks”, sub-netting, and CIDR will not be discussed in this article. The network portion specifies a network; the host portion specifies an individual device on a network.

For any given network:

• The range of all possible host portion numbers gives the Address Range. (ex. 172.16.xxx.xxx the range is 172.16.0.0 to 172.16.255.255).
• The lowest possible address is the Network Address. (ex. 172.16.xxx.xxx the network address is 172.16.0.0)
• This address is used by devices to specify the network itself, and cannot be assigned to any device.
• The highest possible address is the Broadcast Address.(ex. 172.16.xxx.xxx the broadcast address is 172.16.255.255)
• This address is used when a packet is meant for all devices on a specific network, and cannot be assigned to any device.
• The remaining numbers in the range are the Host Range.(ex. 172.16.xxx.xxx the host range is 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254). These are the numbers you can assign to computers, printers, and other devices.
• Host Addresses are individual addresses within this range.
• Assign network(s). A network, for this purpose, is any group of connections separated by a router.
• Your network may not have routers or, if accessing the Internet with NAT, have only one router between your Personal Area Network and the public internet. If this is your only router, or if you have no routers, your entire private network is considered one network.
• Choose a network with a host range large enough to provide an address to each device. Class C networks (ex. 192.168.0.x) allow for 254 host addresses (192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254), which is fine if you have no more than 254 devices. But if you have 255 or more devices, you will either need to use a Class B network (ex. 172.16.x.x) or divide your private network into smaller networks with routers.
• If additional routers are used, they become “internal routers”, the private network becomes a “private intranet”, and each group of connections is a separate network requiring its own network address and range. This includes connections between routers, and connections directly from a router to a single device.
• For simplicity, the remainder of these steps will assume you have only one network, of 254 or less devices, and uses 192.168.2.x as an example. We will also assume you are not using DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) to assign host addresses automatically.

IP

Write “192.168.2.x” in the corner somewhere. If you have more than one network it’s best to write each address near the network it belongs to.

IP

Assign host addresses within the range of 1 to 254 to each computer.

Write the host addresses next to the devices they belong to on the diagram. At first you may wish to write the entire address (ex. 192.168.2.5) next to each device. However, as you become more proficient simply writing the host portion (ex. .5) may help save time. Switches will not require addresses
for the purpose discussed here. Routers will require addresses as described in the “Important Notes” section.

Subnet Mask

Write down the subnet mask near the network address.

For 192.168.2.x, which is a Class C, the mask is: 255.255.255.0 The computer needs it to tell which part of the IP address is the network and which is the host. IPv4 originally used the first number (ex. 192) to determine this based on the address class, as described above. However, the advent of subnetting and nonclassful networking made it necessary to provide a mask because other ways of dividing the address into network and host portions are now possible. For Class A addresses the mask is 255.0.0.0, for Class B it’s 255.255.0.0 (More information in the Important Notes section.)

Hardware

Connect your network.

Gather all needed materials including cables, computers, ethernet switches, and (if used) routers. Locate the Ethernet ports on the computers and other devices. Look for the 8-pin modular connector. (RJ-45 style) It looks like a standard telephone jack except it’s a bit larger because it has more conductors. Connect the cables between each device, just as in your map. If an unforeseen circumstance causes you to vary from the diagram, make notes to show any changes.

Reboot System

Boot all the computers connected to the network. Power on all other connected devices. (Some devices have no “power switch” and will power up simply by plugging them in.)

Configure

Configure the computers for networking.

Go to internet options (this varies depending on the Operating System), and go to the dialog box that lets you change the TCP/IP protocol. Change the radio buttons from “Obtain from DHCP server automatically” to “Use the following IP address:”. Type in your IP address for that computer, and the appropriate subnet mask(255.255.255.0).If you have no routers, leave the “Default Gateway” and “DNS server” fields blank. If connecting to the internet using NAT, use the Host Address assigned to the router between your private network and the internet as both the DNS server and the Default Gateway.

Do not use the Network Address (192.168.2.0)

If using more than one router see the Important Notes section. If configuring a home network with a relatively new router, This section can be ignored as long as the network is connected correctly, The router will assign network addresses to everything on the network going into your network, until it hits another router. Verify connectivity. The simplest way to do this is with Ping. Bring up MS-DOS or the equivalent on other OS’s, (In Windows open the command prompt which is located in the Start Menu – Accessories – Command Prompt) and type in: ping 192.168.2.[insert host number here]. Do this on one host and ping to all other hosts. Remember, your router is considered a host. If you cannot reach one, read over the steps again or contact a professional.

Note:

Personal Area Network is explained here also https://www.youtube.coA private network is one which either does not connect to the internet, or is connected indirectly using NAT (Network Address Translation)m/watch?v=xyNlcy3OHvk